Role of live animals in the training of microvascular surgery: a systematic review

As training in microvascular surgery often involves the use of live animals, it is important that such a practice is regularly revisited and justified, particularly in the context of emerging training strategies such as virtual simulation. This systematic review was therefore designed to assess the ongoing need for their use over other methods. A search of PubMed and MEDLINE using the major MeSH terms: anastomosis, surgical vascular procedures, microsurgery, and training, yielded 1386 titles from which 153 abstracts were read, 70 papers analysed, and 17 included. Nine of these papers were randomised studies that compared different methods of training. Other publications were included if the use of live animals was assessed or commented upon, or both (8 publications). Only one study randomised trainees to a non-living animal model or a living model, with detailed assessment that included clinical transfer to live surgery. It showed no significant difference in the quality of training, and excellent techniques of assessment. There was much discussion on the advantage of regular training and opportunities to practise without tuition, but there was no clear advantage for the use of live animals. Our review emphasises the lack of evidence regarding the need for live animals in the training of microsurgical or microvascular skills. Although the assumption remains that the use of live rats is essential, there is a clear need for a high-quality, comparative study to justify the continued use of such models given the quality of the alternatives now available.     

Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene Promotional Program based on the WHO Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy,in Terms of Compliance and Decontamination Efficacy in an Indian Tertiary Level Neonatal Surgical Intensive Care Unit

Background: The WHO Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy (MHHIS) has been proposed to improve the Hand Hygiene (HH) compliance of the WHO recommendations on HH.Therefore, the current study was planned in our neonatal unit with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of a Hand Hygiene Promotional Program (HHPP) based on the WHO MHHIS, in terms of compliance and decontamination efficacy among the health-care workers (HCWs) in the unit. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the WHO MHHIS on HH compliance and decontamination efficacy. Methods: The HHPP was carried out in our neonatal surgical intensive care unit from July to August 2013. A pre-intervention phase consisted of assessment of ward infrastructure, HH knowledge and perception, determination of HH compliance and collection of hand rinse samples from the HCWs before and after handwashing. Intervention phase consisted of changing traditional to elbow-operated taps, display of posters and reminders, placement of soaps in water draining trays, autoclaved single-use paper towels for hand drying, availability of hand rubs and training sessions for health-care providers. In the post-intervention phase, all the assessments and observations of pre-intervention phase were repeated. Results: HHPP resulted in a significant increase in overall HH compliance from 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 23.9–29.3) to 65.3% (95% CI 62.4–68.2) (P < 0.001) and reduction in load of microorganisms (P = 0.013). There was a significant improvement in HH knowledge (P < 0.001), and perception surveys revealed high appreciation of each strategy component by the participants. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study about the effect of implementation of the WHO MHHIS from an Indian hospital. HHPP was found to be effective in terms of HH compliance and decontamination efficacy. Its implementation is highly recommended to promote HH in a developing country like India.     

白细胞形态学和中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶在手足口病合并感染患儿诊疗中的应用

目的探讨白细胞（WBC）形态学和中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶（NAP）染色积分值在儿童手足口病（HFMD）合并感染诊疗中的应用价值。 方法选取2017年1月至2017年10月于玉林市红十字会医院儿科门诊及住院的150例儿童作为研究对象，根据检查结果及病情分为正常对照组、单纯HFMD组及HFMD合并感染组，每组各50例。所有病例均采用一次性EDTA扩凝真空采血管，按常规静脉采血1～2 ml，同时做血涂片2张，1张用于瑞氏染色，另1张血片干燥后用10%甲醛固定30 s，按NAP试剂盒说明书进行染色，由细胞室工作人员在显微镜下鉴别WBC形态学变化并计数NAP阳性率和积分。 结果正常对照组患儿NAP阳性率为（23.58 ± 11.89）%，积分为（28.18 ± 13.82）；单纯HFMD组患儿NAP阳性率为（22.8 ± 10.49）%，积分为（26.92 ± 11.9）；HFMD合并感染组患儿NAP阳性率为（77.96 ± 8.99）%，积分为（332.7 ± 58.42）；HFMD合并感染抗感染治疗后组NAP阳性率为（22.38 ± 10.54）%，积分为（27.74 ± 12.16）；HFMD合并感染组分别与正常对照组、单纯HFMD组、HFMD合并感染抗感染治疗后NAP阳性率比较，差异均有统计学意义（t = 25.80、28.23、28.37，P均< 0.001）；HFMD合并感染组分别与正常对照组、单纯HFMD组、HFMD合并感染抗感染治疗后NAP积分比较，差异均有统计学意义（t = 35.87、36.27、36.14，P均< 0.001）；其余各组NAP阳性率和积分两两比较，差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）。正常对照组、单纯手足口病组、手足口病合并感染组患儿异型淋巴细胞、中毒颗粒、空泡变性细胞、杜勒小体比例差异均有统计学意义（H = 81.9939、129.1737、117.5489、89.4793，P均< 0.001）；手足口病合并感染抗感染治疗前后患儿异常淋巴细胞、中毒颗粒、空泡变性细胞和杜勒小体比例差异有统计学意义（U = 8.2967、8.6138、8.6318、5.4355，P均< 0.001）。 结论白细胞形态学检查和NAP阳性率及积分观察HFMD合并感染患儿疾病发生发展及对疾病诊断、预后监测均具有重要临床意义。     

反复感染手足口病患儿的预防和治疗

目的探讨消毒隔离结合免疫及营养治疗在预防和治疗反复感染手足口病患儿中的作用。 方法收集初次就诊的手足口病患儿共400例，利用随机数字表将患者分为治疗组与对照组各200例，治疗组患儿定期给予消毒隔离健康教育及营养随访，再次患病后给予个体化营养支持治疗。对照组患儿仅在感染手足口病后给予常规治疗。比较两组患儿手足口病再发率和重症率等指标。 结果治疗组患儿平均退热时间为（1.7 ± 1.1）d、皮疹消退时间为（4.0 ± 1.3）d、平均住院天数为（5.6 ± 2.4）d、抗菌药物使用率为19%（38/200）、激素使用率为8%（16/200），均显著低于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（t = 10.028、8.677、8.353、20.650、11.312，P = 0.015、0.032、0.001、0.004、0.011）。治疗组患儿1年内再发率、重症率和并发症发生率分别为12%（24/200）、1%（2/200）和5%（10/200），显著低于对照组患儿，差异均有统计学意义（χ² = 9.21、0.88、7.24，P = 0.010、0.002、0.007）。 结论健康教育、营养随访及个体化营养支持治疗可降低手足口病的再发率及重症率，改善临床结局。     

Neural gliding versus neural tensioning: Effects on heat and cold thresholds,pain thresholds and hand grip strength in asymptomatic individuals

IntroductionNeural mobilization can be performed in a way that facilitates movement through a stretching technique (tensioning) or in a way that maximizes the gliding of peripheral nerves in relation to adjacent structures (gliding). Evidence on how these techniques compare in terms of effects are scarce. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of neural gliding and neural tensioning targeting the median nerve on heat and cold temperature threshold, heat pain threshold, pressure pain thresholds and hand grip strength in asymptomatic participants.MethodsParticipants received 4 series of 10 repetitions of either neural gliding (n = 30) or neural tensioning (n = 30) and were assessed for heat and cold temperature threshold, heat pain threshold, pressure pain threshold, and hand grip strength at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and 30 min post-intervention.ResultsA significant main interaction between time and intervention was found for the PPT at the forearm (F(2,55) = 5.98; p = 0.004), favouring the tensioning neural mobilization. No significant differences were found for the other variables.ConclusionsFour series of 10 repetitions of neural tensioning targeting the median nerve in asymptomatic subjects seem to be enough to induce hypoalgesia and have no negative effects on A-delta and C mediated sensory function and on hand grip strength production.     

Risk factors for esophago-jejunal anastomosis leakage after total gastrectomy for cancer. A multicenter retrospective study of the Italian research group for gastric cancer

BackgroundMany Eastern reports attempted to identify predictive variables for esophago-jejunal anastomosis leakage (EJAL) after total gastrectomy for cancer. There are no definitive answers about reliable risk factors for EJAL. This retrospective study shows the largest Western series focused on this topic.MethodsThis is a multicenter retrospective study analyzing patients’ datasets collected by 18 Italian referral Centres of the Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer (GIRCG) from 2000 to 2018. The inclusion criteria were pathological diagnosis of gastric and esophageal (Siewert III) carcinoma requiring total gastrectomy. The primary end point of risk analysis was the occurrence of EJAL; secondary end points were post-operative (30-day) morbidity and mortality, length of stay (LoS), and survival.ResultsData of 1750 patients submitted to total gastrectomy were collected. EJAL developed in 116 (6.6%) patients and represented the 26.3% of all the 441 observed post-operative surgical complications. EJAL diagnosis was followed by a reoperation in 39 (33.6%) patients and by an endoscopic/radiological procedure in 30 cases (25.9%). In 47 patients (40.5%) EJAL was managed with conservative approach. Post-operative LoS and mortality were significantly higher after EJAL occurrence (27 days versus 12 days and 8.6% versus 1.6%, respectively). At risk analysis, comorbidities (particularly, if respiratory), minimally invasive surgery, extended lymphadenectomy, and anastomotic technique resulted significant predictive factors for EJAL. EJAL did not significantly affect survival.ConclusionsThese results were consistent with Asian experiences: the frequency of EJAL and its higher rate observed in patients with comorbidities or after minimally invasive approach were confirmed.     

中医药治疗手足综合征随机对照试验的Meta分析

目的：评价中医药治疗手足综合征的疗效。方法：计算机检索2007年1月1日至2019年1月1日国内外发表的关于中医药治疗HFS的临床随机对照研究文献，根据Cochrane Handbook 5.0版有关随机对照试验的质量评价标准，对纳入的研究进行方法学质量评价，并采用Stata 12.0软件进行Meta分析。结果：共纳入12篇文献，总的比较研究间存在较大异质（I2=83.1%,P=0.00），敏感性分析结果显示1篇文献的研究结果与其他文献存在较大异质性；将所剩余11篇文献按引起HFS的不同因素，分为卡培他滨、靶向治疗、化疗或靶向治疗3个亚组进行Meta分析，结果显示虽然合并Meta分析显示各研究间仍存在较大异质性（I2=73.4%,P=0.000）；但是卡培他滨亚组（I2=31.6%,P=0.232）、靶向治疗亚组（I2=40.5%,P=0.151）、化疗或靶向治疗亚组（I2=47.3%,P=0.150）各亚组间不存在大的异质性，且各亚组实验组与对照组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论：中医药治疗HFS有效，且总有效率要优于单纯西药治疗；对于不同发生机制的HFS在临床治疗或研究中要区分治疗或研究。     

溃疡性结肠炎患者全结直肠切除+回肠贮袋肛管吻合术 术后自我关注的质性研究

目的：了解与探讨溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis，UC）患者全结直肠切除+回肠贮袋肛管吻合（ileal pouch anal anastomosis，IPAA）术后患者自我关注情况。方法：采用目的抽样法，选取14例UC 行IPAA术后患者，行半结构式深入访谈并采用Colaizzi 7步分析法分析访谈资料。结果：患者多因为自身对术后恢复的期望或疾病相关知识的不足引起对术后排便、饮食、贮袋状态等方面的自我关注。结论：医护人员应注重患者术后自我关注情况，采取相应的心理疏导措施，在饮食、贮袋状态等方面给予患者更加专业细致的指导和教育，加强出院后延续护理，以提高患者术后生活质量，促进疾病康复。